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Center pivot: return time and depth

See how long the pivot takes per revolution and how many millimeters of water it applies with each revolution, at the set percent dial.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: the results do not replace a design, calculation, or report signed by a qualified professional, nor verification against the applicable standards.

Preliminary estimateRevision 12/11/2026
Pivot

The time to return to 100% comes from the manufacturer's manual for the pivot length. The area is approximated by the circle of the radius.

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—Depth per revolution
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Schematic diagram

Top view of the pivot: the irrigated area, the full revolution, and the 50% and 75% rings of the radius. Unscaled water schematic; the drawing shows the geometry, not the actual distribution.

Depth per revolution by percentage meter

Millimeters applied per revolution at different settings; the point is your setting.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Depth per revolution by flow rate

Millimeters per revolution at the current flow rate and with variations; the highlighted bar is your flow rate.

Tap the chart to see the values.

What if the data changes?

Drag the controls to simulate data different from what you entered (from 30% less to 30% more) and watch the result change instantly.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Return time and depth by percent dial

Return time and depth per revolution for percent dial settings of 40% to 100%, with the radius and flow you entered.

Step by step with your numbers

The calculation done in steps, with the values you entered.

    The calculation memo gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions, and references, with fields for project, responsible person, and review. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print window, choose Save as PDF.

    How to use

    Enter the pivot radius, the equipment's flow rate, the round-trip time with the percent meter at 100% (from the manual), and the current setting. The calculator shows the round-trip time, the volume per revolution, and the applied depth.

    Worked example

    Radius of 400 m, flow of 150 m³/h, 24 h return time at 100% and percentimeter at 60%.

    Area = 3.1416 × 400² ÷ 10,000 = 50.3 ha. Time = 24 ÷ 0.6 = 40 h. Volume = 150 × 40 = 6,000 m³. Depth = 6,000 ÷ (10 × 50.3) = 11.9 mm per revolution.

    Precautions

    • A depth above the soil's infiltration capacity causes runoff.
    • The time-to-return and flow values must come from the equipment, not from estimates.

    Method, assumptions, and references

    Equations used

    Area (ha) = π × Radius² ÷ 10,000
    Return time (h) = Time for a 100% revolution ÷ (Percent dial ÷ 100)
    Depth per revolution (mm) = Flow (m³/h) × Revolution time (h) ÷ (10 × Area in ha)

    Assumptions and limits

    • Constant flow during the revolution and uniform application along the radius, not accounting for excess at the end.
    • Area for the full circle; pivots with an end gun or a partial area have a smaller area.
    • Gross depth, without losses to evaporation and drift.

    Standards and technical documents

    • Bernardo, S.; Soares, A. A.; Mantovani, E. C. Manual de irrigação. 8th ed. Viçosa: UFV, 2006.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is percentimeter?

    It is the pivot speed setting, in percent. At 100%, the pivot turns at maximum speed; at 50%, it takes twice as long per revolution.

    Where does the revolution time at 100% come from?

    From the manufacturer's manual, which depends on the pivot length. It is a factory figure that you should check on the equipment.

    Why does the depth per revolution matter?

    Because it sets the runoff risk and uniformity. If the depth per revolution is high, the soil may not absorb it and water runs off.

    Does the calculation say how much to irrigate?

    No. It calculates the depth per revolution. The amount needed comes from the water balance and the irrigation interval.