Start / Crops and productivity / Crop yield

Germination, IVG, and seed vigor

From the number of seeds that germinated in each count to the index that compares speed and vigor.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: the results do not replace a design, calculation, or report signed by a qualified professional, nor verification against the applicable standards.

Preliminary estimateRevision 12/11/2026
Germination test
Counts: day and seeds germinated on that day (not cumulative)

Each count records only the seeds that germinated in that interval. Use the same protocol and the same intervals for all lots you compare.

Data stays only in this browser and is not sent. Uncheck to erase it.

—Final germination
—

Germination at each count

Seeds germinated on each count day.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Accumulated germination over the test

Percentage of seeds germinated by each count.

Tap the chart to see the values.

What if the data changes?

Drag the controls to simulate data different from what you entered (from 30% less to 30% more) and watch the result change instantly.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Test counts and contribution to the IVG

Each count with the cumulative total and how much it contributed to the speed index. Earlier counts weigh more in the IVG.

Step by step with your numbers

The calculation done in steps, with the values you entered.

    The calculation memo gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions, and references, with fields for project, responsible person, and review. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print window, choose Save as PDF.

    How to use

    Enter the number of seeds sown and, for each count, the day and how many seeds germinated in that interval. The calculator gives the final germination, the first count, the IVG, and the mean germination time.

    Hypothetical example

    200 seeds sown. Germinated: 60 on day 4, 50 on day 6, 30 on day 8 and 10 on day 10.

    Final germination = 150 ÷ 200 = 75%. First count = 60 ÷ 200 = 30%.

    IVG = 60/4 + 50/6 + 30/8 + 10/10 = 28.08. Average time = 880 ÷ 150 = 5.9 days.

    Precautions

    • IVG has no universal “good” value: it is used to compare lots or treatments run in the same test.
    • Use the temperatures, substrate and counting intervals set for the species.
    • High germination with low vigor is common in aged lots: the first count and the IVG reveal this difference.

    Method, assumptions, and references

    Equations used

    Germination (%) = seeds germinated ÷ seeds sown × 100
    IVG = Σ (Gᵢ ÷ Nᵢ), with Gᵢ the seeds germinated in count i and Nᵢ the days after sowing (Maguire, 1962)
    Mean germination time = Σ(Gᵢ × Nᵢ) ÷ Σ Gᵢ

    Assumptions and limits

    • Counts are made at the same intervals for all lots being compared; without this, the IVG is not comparable.
    • The first count is taken as a vigour indicator, on the day set by the species' protocol.
    • Temperature, humidity and substrate should follow the protocol for the species.

    Standards and technical documents

    • Maguire, J. D. Speed of germination: aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, v. 2, n. 2, p. 176-177, 1962.
    • Ferreira, A. G.; Borghetti, F. (eds.). Germination: from the basics to the applied. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.

    Frequently asked questions

    What is the best IVG?

    There is no universal value. It is used to compare lots or treatments from the same test, under the same protocol.

    Why can germination be high while vigor is low?

    Because a batch may germinate almost everything, but slowly or with weak seedlings. The first count and the IVG show this difference.