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Cost per litre of milk

See the cost of each liter of milk produced and the margin at the price you receive.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: the results do not replace a design, calculation, or report signed by a qualified professional, nor verification against the applicable standards.

Preliminary estimateRevision 12/11/2026
Production
Monthly costs (R$/month)

Use actual costs from a closed month. The default values are examples only.

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—Cost per litre of milk
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Cost per litre by milk yield per cow

How much each liter costs at production of 15 to 35 L per cow; the highlighted bar is yours.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Monthly margin by milk price

Margin in the month at different liter prices; the line crosses zero at the breakeven point.

Tap the chart to see the values.

What if the data changes?

Drag the controls to simulate data different from what you entered (from 30% less to 30% more) and watch the result change instantly.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Cost and margin by milk yield per cow

Cost per litre and margin for the month at yields of 15 to 35 L per cow per day, with the milk price entered.

Step by step with your numbers

The calculation done in steps, with the values you entered.

    The calculation memo gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions, and references, with fields for project, responsible person, and review. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print window, choose Save as PDF.

    How to use

    Enter the number of lactating cows, the average yield per cow, the price per liter, and the monthly costs: feed, labor, health and breeding, and other costs. The calculator shows the cost per liter and the margin.

    Worked example

    50 cows, 25 L per day, milk at R$ 2.40 and costs of R$ 60,000 (feed), R$ 12,000 (labour), R$ 5,000 (animal health) and R$ 8,000 (other).

    Liters = 50 × 25 × 30 = 37,500 L. Total cost = R$ 85,000. Cost per liter = 85,000 ÷ 37,500 = R$ 2.27. Revenue = 37,500 × 2.40 = R$ 90,000. Margin = R$ 5,000 per month.

    Precautions

    Method, assumptions, and references

    Equations used

    Liters per month = Cows × Liters per cow per day × 30
    Cost per litre (R$/L) = Total monthly cost ÷ Litres per month
    Margin in the month (R$) = Liters per month × Milk price − Total monthly cost

    Assumptions and limits

    • Average monthly costs: feed, labour, animal health and reproduction, and other fixed and variable costs.
    • Average production held constant over the month, with all cows in lactation.
    • Does not consider herd depreciation or the cost of land, unless they are added under “other costs”.

    Standards and technical documents

    • Embrapa Gado de Leite: publications on milk production cost (current edition).

    Frequently asked questions

    Why does cost per liter fall when production rises?

    Because much of the cost is fixed each month: labor, health and facilities do not change with production. With more liters per cow, these costs are spread out.

    Is feed the biggest cost?

    Generally yes. That is why the diet deserves attention: see the calculator for diet cost per animal per day.

    Can I use last month's cost?

    Yes, and it is the most reliable. Use the actual costs from a closed month, not estimates.

    Does the result show whether I should expand the herd?

    Not directly. It shows the margin of the current operation. A decision to expand also depends on investment, credit, and the capacity of the area.