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Wheat and rice production by components

A crop estimate made from field samples, before harvest.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: the results do not replace a design, calculation, or report signed by a qualified professional, nor verification against the applicable standards.

Preliminary estimateRevision 12/11/2026
Production components (per m²)
Harvest and marketing

Count the components in 1 m² samples taken from several parts of the area. The potential yield is the sum of what the crop has in the field; the actual harvest is lower because of losses.

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—Estimated harvested yield
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Yield by grains per ear

Harvested yield in t/ha, varying grains per ear and keeping the other components constant.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Yield by thousand-grain mass

Harvested yield in t/ha, varying thousand-grain mass and keeping the other components constant.

Tap the chart to see the values.

What if the data changes?

Drag the controls to simulate data different from what you entered (from 30% less to 30% more) and watch the result change instantly.

Tap the chart to see the values.

Production (t/ha) by ears per m² and grains per ear

Harvested yield for combinations of ears per m² and grains per ear, with the thousand-grain mass and losses you entered.

Step by step with your numbers

The calculation done in steps, with the values you entered.

    The calculation memo gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions, and references, with fields for project, responsible person, and review. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print window, choose Save as PDF.

    How to use

    Enter the plant population per m², the ears (or panicles) per plant, the grains per ear, and the thousand-grain mass, obtained from field samples. Also enter the harvest losses and the mass of the bag. The calculator estimates the potential yield and the harvested yield.

    Hypothetical example

    280 plants/m², 1.5 ears per plant, 35 grains per ear, thousand-grain weight of 38 g, 3% losses and a 60 kg bag.

    Potential = 280 × 1.5 × 35 × 38 ÷ 100 = 5,586 kg/ha. Harvested = 5,586 × 0.97 = 5,418 kg/ha, or 5.4 t/ha.

    In bags: 5,418 ÷ 60 = 90.3 sc/ha.

    Precautions

    • The components are sampling averages; count at several points across the area, not just at the edge.
    • Thousand-grain weight must be measured on a dry, clean sample.
    • The number of ears per plant is the most variable component between cultivars and between years.

    Method, assumptions, and references

    Equations used

    Potential yield (kg/ha) = plants/m² × ears per plant × grains per ear × thousand-grain mass (g) ÷ 100
    Harvest (kg/ha) = potential × (1 − harvest loss)
    Bags (bags/ha) = harvest ÷ bag weight

    Assumptions and limits

    • The components are sampling averages; they vary with environment, cultivar and population.
    • Does not consider stress during grain filling, which can reduce grain mass after sampling.
    • Bag mass is the trade convention; confirm the standard in your region.

    Standards and technical documents

    • Hay, R. K. M.; Porter, J. R. The physiology of crop yield. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
    • Yoshida, S. Fundamentals of rice crop science. Los Baños: IRRI, 1981.

    Frequently asked questions

    What increases production the most?

    It depends on the most limiting component: plant population, ears per plant, grains per ear, or grain mass. Compare the components in your field with the cultivar's reference.

    Why enter harvest loss?

    Part of the grain stays in the field. Measuring the loss with a 1 m² quadrat after harvest is the simplest way to estimate this value.