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Reference evapotranspiration (Hargreaves)

Estimate how much water the atmosphere takes from a reference lawn per day, using only temperature and latitude.

Pre-sizing and estimating tool: the results do not replace a design, calculation, or report signed by a qualified professional, nor verification against the applicable standards.

Preliminary estimateRevision 12/11/2026
Location and date
Daily temperatures

Salvador's latitude is about −13°. For a typical month, use the month's average temperatures and the central day of the month.

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—ET₀ of the day
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ET₀ over the year

Reference evapotranspiration for each month, with the same temperatures; the highlighted bar is the month of the day entered.

Tap the chart to see the values.

ET₀ by temperature range

ET₀ for different ranges, with the same average temperature; the point is your day.

Tap the chart to see the values.

What if the data changes?

Drag the controls to simulate data different from what you entered (from 30% less to 30% more) and watch the result change instantly.

Tap the chart to see the values.

ET₀ in temperature scenarios

ET₀ for the same day with colder and hotter temperatures, and with different temperature ranges.

Step by step with your numbers

The calculation done in steps, with the values you entered.

    The calculation memo gathers this page's inputs, results, equations, assumptions, and references, with fields for project, responsible person, and review. The full report also includes the charts and interpretations, in color. In the print window, choose Save as PDF.

    How to use

    Enter the site's latitude (negative in the Southern Hemisphere), the day of the year, and the maximum and minimum temperatures. The calculator estimates ET₀ and shows the radiation at the top of the atmosphere.

    Worked example

    Latitude −13°, day 180 (end of June), maximum 31 °C and minimum 21 °C.

    Ra about 27.6 MJ/m²/day, or 11.3 mm/day. Mean = 26 °C. ET₀ = 0.0023 × 11.3 × (26 + 17.8) × √10 = about 3.6 mm/day.

    Precautions

    • Use it to estimate the order of magnitude or when other data is missing.
    • To decide the irrigation interval, multiply by the Kc of the stage and compare with the irrigation: interval and depth.

    Method, assumptions, and references

    Equations used

    Ra (mm/day) = radiation at the top of the atmosphere (MJ/m²/day) ÷ 2.45, using the FAO-56 Ra equation
    ET₀ (mm/day) = 0.0023 × Ra (mm/day) × (Tmean + 17.8) × √(Tmax − Tmin)

    Assumptions and limits

    • Method for temperature only; with wind, humidity, and radiation data, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith is more accurate.
    • Average temperature = (maximum + minimum) ÷ 2, used for the same day.
    • ET₀ is a reference value: for the crop, multiply by the phase's Kc coefficient.

    Standards and technical documents

    • Allen, R. G. et al. Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome: FAO, 1998.

    Frequently asked questions

    Why does ET₀ depend on latitude?

    Because latitude and time of year determine how much radiation reaches the top of the atmosphere. In summer, at low latitudes, radiation is higher.

    What is Kc?

    It is the crop coefficient: it relates ET₀ to the crop’s actual need at each stage. Use the reference value for the crop and stage.

    Can I use the monthly average temperature?

    Yes, to estimate the typical ET₀ for the month. For irrigation interval decisions, use daily values or data from the nearest station.

    Does the method work everywhere?

    It works best in climates similar to those where it was calibrated. In humid places or with strong wind, the result tends to underestimate.